جلسه بیستم، 21 آذر 96

لغات 1 آینده:

1- Downward رو به پایین

Stock prices continued their downward trend.

2- Exert اعمال کردن (نیرو یا فشار)

Environmental groups are exerting pressure on the government to tighten pollution laws.

3- Point نقطه (مانند یک نقطه در یک چرخه یا یک فرآیند یا برای توصیف نقطه جوش یا نقطه انجماد)

By mixing metals it is possible to make alloys which are tougher and have a lower melting point than the individual metals.

4- Capture گرفتن، تسخیر کردن، (مانند گرفتن عکس یا گرفتن یک اسیر جنگی)

Wilson's autobiography neatly captures the atmosphere of the late 19th century.

5- Exploit بهره برداری کردن

The country's natural resources have not yet been fully exploited.

6- Wheel چرخ

The rear wheel of the bus stuck in a creek.

7- Directly مستقیما

The new law won't affect us directly.

8- Disadvantage مضرت، نکته منفی

The proposal has some major disadvantages.

9- Stream نهر آب

There was a small stream at the end of the garden.

10- Transportation حمل و نقل

The city needs to improve its public transportation.

11- Goods اجناس

The store sells a wide range of goods.

12- Invent اختراع کردن

Television was invented in the 1920s.

13- Replace جایگزین کردن

Have they hired anybody to replace Ken?

14- Spring جهش کردن، پریدن

Tom sprung out of bed and ran downstairs.

15- Reserve ذخیره، اندوخته

They sold half the wood and kept the rest in reserve for winter.

تمرین جلسه آینده

به فارسی برگردانید

Civil engineering is claimed to be "the art of directing the great sources of power in
nature for the use and comfort of man". it is mainly concerned with designing and
building large-scale structures which are intended to stand for a long time and to be
useful to large numbers of people.

The civil engineer must make use of many different branches of knowledge such as mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, geology and economics.

Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branches of engineering until 200 years ago. Most early engineers worked for armies, building fortifications as well as roads and bridges which were used for the movement of troops and supplies. After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was little progress in communication until the begiing of the Industrial Revolution, namely the invention of the steam engine and the development of the use of iron. Then, in the last half of the 18^th century, the engineers who set to work to construct roads, canals, railways, ports, and bridges adopted the name of "civil" engineer to distinguish themselves from the military engineers.

In the course of time, engineering has become very much more specialized. Electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, marine engineering and so on are now separate branches, each with specialists with whom the civil engineer must work. For the generation of hydroelectric power, for example, the civil engineer works with the electrical engineer in the design of dams, pipelines, and tuels. He collaborates with the architect, the mechanical engineer, and sometimes with the chemical engineer in building factories, industrial establishments, and oil refineries.

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