جلسه نهم، 7 آبان 96
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آخرین مطالب
امکانات وب
مفهوم جمله مجهول:
ابتدا جملات زیر را مطالعه کنید که نمونه های جملات معلوم هستند:
¢ رییس کارمند را اخراج کرد.
¢ استاد دانشجو را تنبیه کرد.
¢ مهندس، طرح را تایید نکرد.
¢ مدیر باید از اعضا تقدیر کند.
¢ آنها سالهاست که روزنامه را چاپ نمی کنند.
¢ نویسنده مقاله رو چاپ خواهد کرد.
¢ دانشمندان هر سال مواد جدیدی کشف می کنند.
می توان هرکدام از جملات بالا را معادل جملات زیر دانست:
¢ کارمند اخراج شد.
¢ دانشجو تنبیه شد
¢ طرح تایید نشد
¢ اعضا باید مورد تقدیر قرار گیرند
¢ روزنامه سالهاست که چاپ نمی شود
¢ مقاله چاپ خواهد شد.
¢ هر سال مواد جدیدی کشف می شوند
جملات دسته ی دوم، همگی مجهول هستند و فاعل در این جملات مشخص نیست.
در 1 ی 1، سه زمان از جملات مجهول را بررسی کردیم: گذشته ساده، حال ساده، آینده ساده
نمونه های مجهول گذشته ساده:
¢ A new book was written about economy.
یک کتاب جدید راجع به اقتصاد نوشته شد
¢ A new manager was introduced.
یک مدیر جدید معرفی شذ
¢ This point was emphasized.
بر این نکته تاکید شد
¢ The war was described in this book.
جنگ در این کتاب توصیف شد
¢ This subject was analyzed.
این موضوع تحلیل شد
¢ This story was read.
این داستان خوانده شد
¢ My message was seen.
پیامم دیده شد
¢ My car was fixed.
ماشینم تعمیر شد
¢ The news was analyzed.
اخبار تحلیل شد
¢ Two new books were written about economy.
دو کتاب جدید راجع به اقتصاد نوشته شدند
¢ New employees were introduced.
کارمندان جدید معرفی شدند
¢ Many points were emphasized at class.
بر نکات بسیاری در کلاس تاکید شد
¢ All the reports were analyzed.
تمام گزارش ها تحلیل شدند
¢ My messages were seen.
پیام های من دیده شدند
¢ Many books were published about Persian civilization last year.
بسیاری از کتابها درباره تمدن پارسی در سال گذشته چاپ شدند
¢ Students were punished by the teacher.
دانش آموزان توسط معلم تنبیه شدند
¢ All the classes were canceled last Thursday.
تمام کلاس های 5 شنبه هفته گذشته کنسل شدند
قاعده:
(s)ubject + was/were + 3rd verb
زمان حال ساده:
This topic is analyzed in the news every day.
این موضوع هر روز در اخبار تحلیل می شود
The country is governed by Muslims.
کشور توسط مسلمانان اداره می شود
The country isn't governed by Muslims.
کشور توسط مسلمانان اداره نمی شود
Mercedes Benz is manufactured in Germany.
مرسدس بنز در آلمان تولید می شود
English is spoken in many countries around the world.
انگلیسی در بسیاری از کشورها در سرتاسر دنیا صحبت می شود
She is considered the best writer of her country.
او به عنوان بهترین نویسنده کشورش تلقی می شود
Many employees are hired at this organization.
کارمندان زیادی در این سازمان استخدام می شوند
Many students are accepted to Persian Gulf University every year.
سالانه، دانشجویان زیادی در دانشگاه خلیج فارس پذیرفته می شوند
Many classes are held at Persian Gulf University every week.
کلاسهای زیادی هر هفته در دانشگاه خلیج فارس برگزار می شوند
Lessons of our Englishcourse are uploaded on a weblog.
درس های دوره ی زبان ما در وبلاگ بارگزاری می شوند
The reports are published in famous journals every year.
گزارش ها هر سال در مجلات معروف چاپ می شوند
Arabic isn't spoken in this country.
در این کشور، عربی صحبت نمی شود
French isn't taught at this university.
در این دانشگاه، فرانسوی تدریس نمیشود
قاعده:
(s)ubject + is/are + 3rd verb
آینده ساده:
The report will be published tomorrow.
گزارش فردا چاپ خواهد شد
The class will be held on Wednesday.
کلاس در روز 4 شنبه برگزار خواهد شد
The war between Iran and Iraq won't be described in that movie.
جنگ بین ایران و عراق در آن فیلم توصیف نخواهد شد
The country won't be governed by Christians in the future.
کشور در آینده توسط مسیحیان اداره نخواهد شد
The elections will be discussed a lot in the future.
در آینده، انتخابات مورد بحث بسیار خواهد بود
My car will be fixed by a skilled mechanic.
ماشینم توسط یک مکانیک زبردست تعمیر خواهد شد
The new President will be aounced next week.
رییس جمهور جدید هفته آینده معرفی خواهد شد
Students will be applauded.
دانشجویان تشویق خواهند شد
The system of my laptop will be upgraded.
سیستم لپتاپم بروزرسانی خواهد شد
The software will be released soon.
نرم افزار به زودی منتشر خواهد شد
The software won't be released soon.
نرم افزار به زودی منتشر نخواهد شد
The book won't be published until Christmas.
کتاب تا روز کریسمس منتشر نخواهد شد
قاعده:
(s)ubject + will be + 3rd verb
لغات هفته آینده:
1- Pain درد
He told the doctor he was suffering from chest pains.
2- Coil سیم پیچ، سیمی که به شکل حلقوی چندین دور خورده است
Short bursts of electrical current are sent through a coil of wire, causing a magnetic field.
3- Strength قدرت
I didn't have the strength to climb any further.
4- Attach ضمیمه کردن، چسباندن
The doctor attached a tiny monitor to the baby's head.
5- Iron آهن
A magnet is the device that attracts certain types of metals, like iron
6- Lower پایین آوردن
The old man lowered himself wearily into his chair.
7- Grind کوبیدن، خرد کردن
They grind the grain into flour between two large stones. (it means they make flour by crushing grain)
8- Principle اصل (مفرد کلمه ی اصول)
Schools try to teach children a set of principles.
9- External خارجی
There are no external signs of injury.
10- Induce القا کردن (مانند القای الکتریسیته)
This persistent current induces a magnetic field which exactly cancels the external field.
11- Basis پایه، اساس
The basis of his argument was that people who sell drugs should be jailed for life.
12- Loss فقدان
You should report the loss of your passport to the consulate.
13- Transform تغییر یافتن به، تبدیل شدن به
The country transformed into a major industrial nation.
14- Increase افزایش یافتن
Hormone levels increase throughout pregnancy.
15- Decrease کاهش یافتن
The number of people who have the disease has decreased significantly in recent years.
16- Rate نرخ
Australia's unemployment rate rose to 6.5% in February.
17- Contain شامل شدن
Her report contained some interesting suggestions.
18- Considerableقابل توجه، زیاد
We've saved a considerable amount of money.
تمرین هفته آینده: به فارسی برگردانید.
There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he almost always means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, airplanes, warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives; the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the ordinary man. When it is refined into petrol, it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea. This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel; in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal. Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination; countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin, it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.
What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature, they were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world: very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.
When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into kerosene. Last of all, the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
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میلاد نعمتی زاده
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نویسنده: نوید پورعلی