جلسه ی دوم، 11 مهر 96

نحوه ی بیان پرسش های بله/خیر زمان حال ساده:

1. Do electrons neutralize protons in an atom?
2. Do protons determine the general properties of an atom?
3. Do atoms release a lot of energy?
4. Does the nucleus of an atom release a lot of energy?
5. Does the diameter of an atom change in a reaction?
6. Does an atom absorb energy in a reaction?
7. Do fundamental properties change during the experiment?
8. Do solid particles move easily?
9. Does this compound participate in chemical reactions?
10. Does a physicist always work in the lab?
11. Do reactions cause problems for the environment?

قاعده: از فعل کمکی do و یا does در ابتدای جمله کمک می گیریم و حتی در حالت سوم شخص هم، فعل به صورت ساده نوشته می شود.

نحوه ی بیان پرسش با کلمات پرسشی در زمان حال ساده:

¢ How do electrons neutralize protons in an atom?

¢ How do protons determine the general properties of an atom?

¢ What do atoms release in a reaction?

¢ When does the nucleus of an atom release a lot of energy?

¢ Why does the diameter of an atom change in a reaction?

¢ Why does an atom absorb energy in a reaction?

¢ Where do physicists usually work?

¢ What do chemistry students work with?

لغات جلسه آینده:

1- Matter: ماده

The word matter refers to all things which have weight and occupy space.

2- Reduce: کاهش دادن

The governor aounced a new plan to reduce crime.

3- Element: عنصر

An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element.

4- Component: عضو، بخش

Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.

5- Atmosphere: جو

The atmosphere in the meeting was tense.

6- Exist وجود داشتن

The custom of arranged marriages still exists in many countries.

7- Drop: قطره

As the first drops of rain began to fall, Michael started to run

8- Further: به اندازه ی بیشتر، به مقدار بیشتر

She sank further and further into debt.

9- Extremely: بی نهایت

Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict.

10- Consider: در نظر گرفتن

Before buying a car you should consider the cost of insuring it.

11- Direction: جهت

Did you see which direction they went?

12- Revolve around: چرخیدن حول چیزی

The argument revolved around costs.

13- Tend to: رویه ی خاصی داشتن، رویکرد خاصی داشتن

Young children tend to get sick more often than adults.

14- Means:، ابزار وسیله

For most people, the car is still their main means of transport.

15- Gain: به دست آوردن

She stayed in the job for five years and she gained valuable experience.

16- Branch: شاخه (مانند شاخه علم)

He's interested in the branch of international law that deals with war crimes.

17- Be engaged in: مشغول کاری بودن

Mr. Armstrong was engaged in prayer.

18- Discover: کشف کردن

Fire officers are still trying to discover the cause of the fire.

تمرین جلسه آینده:

متن زیر را بخوانید و به فارسی ترجمه کنید. نحوه ی سنجش: از دواطلان خواسته می شود که قسمتی از متن را به انگلیسی بخوانند و ترجمه فارسی آن را بیان کنند. سنجش بر اساس صحت تلفظ لغات و صحت ترجمه صورت می گیرد.

Most of us are familiar with the fact that any matter, whether a liquid or a solid or a gas, is made up of molecules. A molecule is the smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks down into its elements. For example, if we took a grain of table salt and kept breaking it in half until it got as small as it possibly could and yet still be salt, we would have a molecule of salt. If we then broke it in half again, the salt would change into its elements.

Molecules, however, are themselves made up of still tinier components known as atoms. Atoms, according to physicists, are the building blocks of our physical world. So far 92 different natural atomic elements -- those found in the earth and atmosphere of the world -- are known to exist. Several others have been created in the laboratory.

An atom is the smallest particle that an element can be reduced to and still keeps its own atomic properties. If a drop of water is reduced to its smallest size, a molecule of water is produced. But if that molecule of water is reduced still further, atoms of hydrogen and oxygen appear. If the atom of an element is broken down any further, that element does not exist any longer.

Basically, an atom contains three types of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The protons and the neutrons are located in the center, or nucleus; the electrons, however, travel about the nucleus in orbits.

The nucleus is the central part of the atom. It contains the protons and neutrons of an atom. Since the nucleus contains neutrons, which are electrically neutral and protons, which have positive electrical charges, the nucleus of any atom is always positive. The number of protons in the nucleus determines how one atom of an element differs from another. For example, the nucleus of a hydrogen atom contains one proton, oxygen has 8, copper has 29, silver has 47, and gold has 79. As a matter of fact, this is how the different elements are identified by atomic numbers; the atomic number is the number of protons that each atom has in its nucleus.

The proton is very small. It is estimated to be 0.07 trillionth of an inch in diameter. The proton is one-third the diameter of an electron, but it has almost 1840 times the mass of an electron; the proton is almost 1840 times heavier than the electron. It is extremely difficult to dislodge a proton from the nucleus of an atom. Therefore, protons are considered permanent parts of the nucleus. A proton has a positive electrical charge. The lines of force of this charge go straight out in all directions from the proton.

An electron is three times larger than a proton; it is about 0.22 trillionth of an inch in diameter. It is, however, about 1840 times lighter than a proton. Electrons, which revolve in orbits around the nucleus of an atom, are easy to move. Electrons have negative electrical charges. The negative lines of force of these charges come straight in to the electron from all sides.

Protons and electrons in a well-behaved atom tend to neutralize one another. That is, there are the same number of electrons and protons in an atom. Atoms are, therefore, normally neutral in nature, but if by some means they are made to lose one of their electrons, they are said to be positive in nature because the protons outnumber the electrons. Atoms become negative, of course. When they gain electrons: in this case, electrons outnumber the protons.

Over the past decades, scientists have become so interested in the nucleus of the atom that they have created an entirely new branch of physics called nucleonics, through which they discovered the secret of releasing atomic energy. Having mastered this power, scientists are now busily engaged in finding ways to use it for the betterment of mankind.

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